https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1R2y_4HzwW_4FVsXH-zSvvGAiLlxCIH-s/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=108938057700723052405&rtpof=true&sd=true
I AM A CIVIL ENGINEER AND TEACHING FOR THE PAST 34 YEARS AS OF NOW AND AM SHARING MY EXPERIENCE'S RIGHT FROM THE BEGINNING AS A ENGINEERING STUDENT WITH MAINLY EDUCATIONAL SUBJECTS RELATED TO CIVIL ENGINEERING THE MAIN MOTIVE IS TO KEEP THE PRACTICAL ASPECT CLEAR and moving for civil engineers RECENTLY I HAVE TAKEN OTHER SUBJECTS TOO LIKE CHEMISTRY WORKSHOP TECHNOLOGY etc
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- I AM A CIVIL ENGINEERING BY PROFESSION '34 YEAR'S OF EXPERIENCE PROVIDING PRACTICAL AND FIELD KNOWLEDGE ' MOSTLY FIELD WORK CRAZE FOR CIVIL WORK OR SAY ONSITE WORKhttps://engineersindiasolutions.wordpress.com/ WEBSITE
Sunday, 20 November 2022
Sunday, 13 November 2022
ENGINEERING FORMULAS FOR ALL TRADE'S { सभी ट्रेडों के लिए इंजीनियरिंग फ़ार्मुलों }
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B87tmVpYeOY_ZTl4aTVHaUxZalU/view?usp=sharing&resourcekey=0-6E23np904dDt8DzgAx4JQQ
WITH HINDI VERSION Covered Topic BASICS OF COUNTOURING with technical terms
https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1NFJNXEN4mnTTH6NQT-chZEcC_TPckh2i/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=108938057700723052405&rtpof=true&sd=true
Saturday, 12 November 2022
Defect's & efflorescence of bricks WITH HINDI VERSION & SOLUTION
Sunday, 6 November 2022
EFFLORENCES OF BRICK'S
Efflorescence of Bricks: Causes, Effects, Prevention, and Testing
1. Introduction
Efflorescence is one of the most common and visible defects observed in masonry structures, particularly on brick walls. It appears as a white, powdery or crystalline deposit on the surface of bricks, tiles, concrete, or stones. Though not structurally damaging in most cases, efflorescence can lead to serious aesthetic and durability concerns in buildings.
Efflorescence is essentially caused by water-soluble salts present in bricks, mortar, or other building materials that migrate to the surface with moisture and crystallize upon evaporation. Understanding the causes, types, effects, prevention techniques, and testing methods of efflorescence is essential for architects, civil engineers, builders, and homeowners.
2. What is Efflorescence?
Efflorescence is a crystalline deposit of salts that forms on the surface of masonry, concrete, or brick when water moves through the material and evaporates, leaving the salt behind. The term is derived from the Latin word efflorescere, meaning "to bloom out."
While efflorescence is often harmless and temporary, persistent or heavy occurrences can indicate underlying moisture problems or excessive salt content in materials, potentially affecting structural health over time.
3. Mechanism of Efflorescence Formation
The process of efflorescence involves three main conditions:
1. Presence of Soluble Salts:
Salts like sulfates, chlorides, and carbonates of sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium are naturally present in clay used for brick manufacturing or in cement, sand, and water used in construction.
2. Water or Moisture Source:
Moisture is required to dissolve these salts. Water can enter bricks through rain, groundwater, construction water, or humid conditions.
3. Evaporation Path:
Once the salt solution reaches the surface of the brick and the water evaporates, the dissolved salts remain and crystallize on the surface as white deposits.
4. Sources of Efflorescence in Bricks
Efflorescence can originate from various sources:
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Raw Materials in Bricks: Clay used in bricks may contain natural salts.
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Construction Materials: Cement, lime, and sand may also contain soluble salts.
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Groundwater: Rising damp can introduce salts from soil.
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External Environment: Rainwater or moisture entering through porous bricks or unsealed joints.
5. Types of Efflorescence
Efflorescence can be categorized based on its behavior and appearance:
🔸 1. Primary Efflorescence
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Appears soon after construction.
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Caused by salts in fresh materials or mixing water.
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Usually temporary and removable by brushing or washing.
🔸 2. Secondary Efflorescence
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Appears later due to moisture ingress or environmental exposure.
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Can reappear after cleaning.
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Indicates ongoing water ingress or poor material quality.
🔸 3. Cryptoflorescence
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Crystallization occurs within the pores rather than on the surface.
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Causes internal pressure and flaking or spalling of the brick.
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More dangerous than surface efflorescence.
6. Common Salts Causing Efflorescence
Salt Type | Chemical Formula | Common Source |
---|---|---|
Calcium Sulfate | CaSO₄ | Clay, cement, mortar |
Sodium Sulfate | Na₂SO₄ | Groundwater, bricks |
Potassium Sulfate | K₂SO₄ | Cement |
Magnesium Sulfate | MgSO₄ | Sand, groundwater |
Calcium Carbonate | CaCO₃ | Lime, concrete |
Sodium Carbonate | Na₂CO₃ | Soil, rainwater |
7. Effects of Efflorescence
Though not always structurally harmful, efflorescence can cause:
✅ Aesthetic Problems:
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Ugly white patches reduce visual appeal of exposed brick walls.
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Discoloration of façade in both residential and commercial buildings.
✅ Durability Issues:
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In cryptoflorescence, salt crystallizes inside the brick pores, causing internal stress and flaking or spalling of the surface.
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Increased moisture retention, leading to freeze-thaw damage in colder climates.
✅ Surface Degradation:
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Peeling of paints and coatings.
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Weakening of mortar joints due to persistent moisture.
8. Factors Influencing Efflorescence
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Porosity of Bricks: More porous bricks allow more moisture movement.
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Weather Conditions: High humidity and rain accelerate efflorescence.
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Quality of Materials: Low-grade clay, cement, or sand can contain high salt content.
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Construction Practices: Poor curing, inadequate waterproofing, and improper drainage increase risk.
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Moisture Source: Prolonged exposure to water or rising damp encourages salt movement.
9. Prevention of Efflorescence
Preventive measures are more effective than treatment. They include:
🔹 A. During Brick Manufacturing
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Use well-processed clay with minimal salt content.
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Fire bricks at appropriate temperatures to reduce porosity.
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Test raw materials for salt content before production.
🔹 B. During Construction
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Store bricks off the ground and protect from rain.
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Use clean, potable water free from salts.
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Use low-alkali cement and washed sand.
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Avoid over-wetting during curing.
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Provide damp-proof courses (DPC) to prevent rising damp.
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Ensure proper drainage and slope in brickwork.
🔹 C. Post-Construction
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Seal joints and surfaces with water-repellent coatings or breathable sealants.
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Avoid water stagnation near brickwork.
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Maintain gutters and flashing to avoid water ingress.
10. Treatment and Removal Methods
Efflorescence may fade naturally, but persistent deposits require active treatment.
🔸 A. Dry Brushing
-
Use a stiff, dry brush to remove loose deposits.
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Effective for early-stage efflorescence.
🔸 B. Water Washing
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Rinse affected area with clean water.
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Use soft brushes and avoid excessive soaking.
🔸 C. Chemical Cleaning
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Mild acidic solutions (like dilute hydrochloric acid or vinegar) may be used.
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Always test on a small area first.
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Rinse thoroughly with water afterward.
🔸 D. Use of Commercial Cleaners
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Specialized masonry cleaners are available for efflorescence removal.
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Follow manufacturer’s instructions.
Important: Never use harsh acids or high-pressure washing directly, as it may damage the brick surface.
11. Laboratory Testing for Efflorescence in Bricks
As per IS: 3495 (Part 3) – 1992, the efflorescence test on bricks is done using the following procedure:
🔬 Efflorescence Test Procedure:
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Sample Selection:
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Five dry bricks are taken from the batch.
-
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Preparation:
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Each brick is placed vertically in a shallow dish containing distilled water (25 mm deep).
-
-
Evaporation:
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The dish is kept in a warm, ventilated room (temperature 20–30°C) until all water is absorbed and the surface is dry.
-
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Repetition:
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If no efflorescence is seen, the process is repeated once more.
-
-
Observation and Grading:
Result | Description |
---|---|
Nil | No visible deposit |
Slight | ≤ 10% surface area with thin deposits |
Moderate | 10–50% area affected without flaking |
Heavy | > 50% area affected without flaking |
Serious | Flaking or breaking of surface due to salt action |
Interpretation: Bricks with “Nil” or “Slight” efflorescence are acceptable for construction.
12. Case Study Examples
🏠 Case 1: Residential Compound Wall in Coastal Area
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Problem: Continuous white patches within 3 months.
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Cause: Salt-laden groundwater, poor drainage.
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Solution: Installed DPC, applied silicone sealant, and improved grading.
🏭 Case 2: Industrial Chimney Brick Structure
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Problem: Flaking and crumbling bricks.
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Cause: Cryptoflorescence due to internal sulfate attack.
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Solution: Brick replacement, chemical cleaning, source moisture control.
13. IS Codes and Standards Related to Efflorescence
-
IS: 3495 (Part 3) – 1992: Methods for testing efflorescence on bricks.
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IS: 1077 – 1992: Common burnt clay building bricks – specifications.
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IS: 2116 – 1980: Sand for masonry mortars.
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IS: 2250 – 1981: Code of practice for preparation and use of masonry mortars.
14. Conclusion
Efflorescence in bricks, though often seen as a cosmetic flaw, can be a sign of deeper moisture and material quality issues. While not always structurally dangerous, it reduces the life and aesthetic value of brickwork. The key to addressing efflorescence lies in a proactive approach — using high-quality materials, controlling moisture entry, and applying protective treatments.
Regular inspection and maintenance, combined with adherence to proper construction practices and IS standards, can effectively prevent efflorescence and maintain the longevity of masonry structures.
Sunday, 9 October 2022
THEODOLITE progress.ppt
https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1f7yzu_eQjDk5VdvkUQRAX47C09QUH0AC/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=108938057700723052405&rtpof=true&sd=true
Saturday, 10 September 2022
प्रयोग संख्या 1:--क्षैतिज कोण को सामान्य विधि से मापना :--थियोडोलाइट की सहायता से
प्रयोग संख्या-1
ओब्जेक्ट : क्षैतिज कोण को सामान्य विधि से मापना। उपकरण: स्टैंड के साथ थियोडोलाइट, छड़ें लेकर। वी
क्षैतिज कोण को मापने की सीधी या सामान्य विधि पर विचार करें
चित्र -1 ) मान लीजिए कि कोण AOB को मापा जाना है। निम्नलिखित
प्रक्रिया अपनाई जाती है।
प्रक्रिया:
1. उपकरण को 0 पर सेट करें।
(इसका मतलब है कि केंद्रीकरण और समतलन पूरी तरह से किया गया) बी
2. लंबवत सर्कल को बाईं स्थिति में रखें। चित्र 5.1
3. लोअर क्लैंप को रखकर फिक्स किया जाता है। ऊपरी क्लैंप ढीला है और द्वारा
दूरबीन को दक्षिणावर्त घुमाते हुए, वर्नियर A को 00 पर और वर्नियर B को लगभग 180° पर सेट किया जाता है।
4. ऊपरी क्लैंप को फिर कड़ा कर दिया जाता है। अब ऊपरी स्पर्शरेखा पेंच को मोड़कर, वर्नियर A और B को पर सेट किया जाता है
आवर्धक काँच से देखने पर ठीक 0° और 180°।
5. ऊपरी क्लैंप को स्थिर रखकर, निचले हिस्से को ढीला करें और दूरबीन को बाईं ओर की ओर निर्देशित किया जाता है। ई.ए.
6. दूरदर्शी को ठीक से फोकस करके और लंबन को हटाकर रेंजिंग रॉड A को लगभग द्विभाजित किया जाता है।
7. अब निचले क्लैंप को कड़ा कर दिया गया है और रेंज ए रॉड को सटीक रूप से द्विभाजित किया गया है।
8. निचले क्लैंप को स्थिर रखने से ऊपरी क्लैंप ढीला हो जाता है।
9. दूरदर्शी को दक्षिणावर्त घुमाया जाता है ताकि रेंजिंग रॉड को B पर ठीक से फोकस करके लगभग समद्विभाजित किया जा सके
दूरबीन। ऊपरी क्लैंप को कड़ा कर दिया जाता है और बी पर रेंजिंग रॉड को ऊपर की ओर घुमाकर सटीक रूप से द्विभाजित किया जाता है
स्पर्शरेखा पेंच।
वी
10. वर्नियर ए और बी पर रीडिंग नोट की जाती हैं।
11. वर्नियर ए सीधे रीडिंग देता है। लेकिन वर्नियर बी के मामले में, अंतिम रीडिंग से प्रारंभिक रीडिंग घटाकर कोण प्राप्त किया जाता है।
12. पाठ्यांकों को सारणी 1 में सारणीबद्ध रूप में नोट किया गया है।
13. उपकरण का चेहरा बदल दिया जाता है और उपरोक्त प्रक्रिया का पालन किया जाता है।
14. वर्नियर्स की रीडिंग तालिका में नोट की गई है।
15. प्रेक्षणों का माध्य (अर्थात बाएँ और दाएँ चेहरा) वास्तविक कोण <AOB है।
16. इन दो प्रेक्षणों को अपूर्ण समायोजन के कारण किसी भी संभावित त्रुटि को समाप्त करने के लिए लिया जाता है
आईआर.उपकरण
एहतियात: PRECAUTIONS
1. यदि आवश्यक हो, तो प्लेट के बुलबुले को देखने के बाद, पैर के शिकंजे का उपयोग करके केंद्रित किया जाना चाहिए, लेकिन पैर के शिकंजे को प्रारंभिक दृष्टि और अंतिम दृष्टि की रेखा के बीच स्पर्श नहीं किया जाना चाहिए।
2. दूरबीन के माध्यम से देखने से पहले रफ पॉइंटिंग के लिए दूरबीन पर राइफल की जगहों का उपयोग करें।
3. जब क्लैंप स्क्रू अभी भी ढीला हो, तो हाथ से उचित रूप से बंद सेटिंग करें, ताकि टेंगेंट स्क्रू को एक से दो चक्कर लगाने की आवश्यकता न हो।
4. क्लैंप स्क्रू को ज़्यादा न कसें।
5. स्क्रू को मोड़ने के लिए बल न लगाएं।
6. क्षैतिज कोणों को मापते समय डायाफ्राम के लंबवत बाल महत्वपूर्ण होते हैं। ऊर्ध्वाधर बालों को संकेतों को यथासंभव सटीक रूप से द्विभाजित करना चाहिए
नोट:-
तीन तालिका बना कर A एवम B प्रद्र्शित करे
Jackson Turbidimeter https://www.google.com/imgres?q=water%20turbidity%20measurement%20Jackson%20Turbidimeter&imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fi.y...
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